{"id":20,"date":"2019-09-12T15:33:33","date_gmt":"2019-09-12T15:33:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ecu.edu\/sites\/liu-fluid-lab\/?page_id=20"},"modified":"2025-07-24T15:52:55","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T15:52:55","slug":"publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/?page_id=20","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\nngg_shortcode_0_placeholder\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Funded Research Projects<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 15%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><strong>I-Corps: Translation Potential of an Advanced Air Filtration System that Captures Particulate Matter and Carbon Dioxide<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by National Science Foundation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, 2025-2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1019\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1019x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1320 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1019x1024.png 1019w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-768x772.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1024x1029.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1019px) 100vw, 1019px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 15%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>Fundamental Study of the Dynamic and Thermal Behaviors of Supercooled Droplet Interacting with Plasma Discharge<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (SC) <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Research in Basic Plasma Science and Engineering, 2023-2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg_-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1689 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg_-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg_-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg_-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg_-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg_.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 15%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/awardsearch\/showAward?AWD_ID=2131600&amp;HistoricalAwards=false\">GOALI\/Collaborative Research: Nonlinear Energy Dynamics of Aerodynamically Coupled Oscillators<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by National Science Foundation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NSF Grant Opportunities for Academic Liaison with Industry (GOALI), 2022-2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1019\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1019x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1320 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1019x1024.png 1019w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-768x772.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1024x1029.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1019px) 100vw, 1019px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 15%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/awardsearch\/showAward?AWD_ID=2242311&amp;HistoricalAwards=false\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ERI: Understanding the Dynamic and Thermal Behaviors of Colloidal Droplets Toward a Novel Freezing-based Inkjet Printing Concept<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by National Science Foundation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NSF Engineering Research Initiation (ERI), 2022-2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1206\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1320 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo.png 1200w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1019x1024.png 1019w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-768x772.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/1200px-NSF_logo-1024x1029.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 15%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><strong>A Fundamental Study of the Anti-Icing Mechanisms of a Bacteria-Spores-based coating in Mitigating Dynamic Droplet Impinging and Freezing<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by CCNY TREAD.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The CCNY Converge to Translate (C2T) Program, 2025-2028<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"470\" height=\"463\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2138 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture.jpg 470w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Capture-300x296.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 23%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><strong>Development of a Bio-Inspired Bacteria-Spores-based Anti-\/De-Icing Surface<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by CUNY ASRC Seed Grant<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) Collaborative Seed Grant Program, 2024-2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E1RetzyXIAIjIG6-1024x262.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2135 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E1RetzyXIAIjIG6-1024x262.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E1RetzyXIAIjIG6-300x77.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E1RetzyXIAIjIG6-768x196.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E1RetzyXIAIjIG6-1536x393.png 1536w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E1RetzyXIAIjIG6.png 1745w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 23%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><strong>Development of a High-Energy Laser-based Thermal-Flow Diagnostic System<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by GRTI Round 24<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>City College of New York GRTI Award, 2024-2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RGB_CNNY_Horizontal_Version_P2665C-1024x431.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1056 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RGB_CNNY_Horizontal_Version_P2665C-1024x431.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RGB_CNNY_Horizontal_Version_P2665C-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RGB_CNNY_Horizontal_Version_P2665C-768x323.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RGB_CNNY_Horizontal_Version_P2665C-1536x646.png 1536w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RGB_CNNY_Horizontal_Version_P2665C.png 1657w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 15%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>Investigation of Supercooled Droplet Impinging and Freezing Dynamics on a Novel Durable Slippery Surface<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by The Professional Staff Congress-City University of New York (PSC-CUNY) Research Award Program<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PSC-CUNY Enhanced Award, 2023-2024<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Capture-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1628 size-full\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 20%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>Investigation of Droplet-Plasma Interactions <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-c804be39-f88e-4b8a-ad2c-ae6450ac6563\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by The City College Initiative to Promote Academic Success in STEM (CiPASS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CUNY CiPASS Grant, 2023-2024<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"309\" height=\"112\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Capture.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1627 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Capture.png 309w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Capture-300x109.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 21%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>NIH-STTR: Non-Invasive Physiologic Evaluation of&nbsp;Peripheral&nbsp;Arterial&nbsp;Disease<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/\">National Institute of Health (NIH)<\/a> STTR<\/em> award via&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/rfpi-co.com\/\"><em>Rfpi, Inc<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NIH STTR Grant, 2019-2021<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"592\" height=\"165\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Picture9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1325 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Picture9.png 592w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Picture9-300x84.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Picture9-590x165.png 590w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 15%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>Development of an Advanced Spray Diagnostics&nbsp;Test&nbsp;Rig&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;Characterization of Biofuel Spray Flows Exhausted from Liquid Fuel Injectors<br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded by <a href=\"https:\/\/rede.ecu.edu\/clusters\/natural-resources-environment\/\"><em>Natural Resources and the Environment Research Cluster (NRE)<\/em><\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/rede.ecu.edu\/\"><em>East Carolina University<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ECU NRE Seed Grant, 2020-2021<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/REDE-primary-Purple-1024x640-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1328 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/REDE-primary-Purple-1024x640-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/REDE-primary-Purple-1024x640-1-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/REDE-primary-Purple-1024x640-1-768x480.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Our Research Facilities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">CCNY Shock Tube\/Tunnel Research Facility<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This large-scale facility is a high-resolution aero-thermodynamic facility that belongs to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at CCNY.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture1-1024x260.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture1-1024x260.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture1-300x76.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture1-768x195.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture1-1536x390.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture1-2048x520.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The facility has several distinguishable features that make it particularly suitable for fundamental and applied research in high-speed flows. The most significant of them is the ability to control the flow velocity and improve the flow quality behind the shock wave after its reflection off the end wall, by changing the porosity of the end wall. In a closed-end shock tube, the reflected shock interacts with the viscous boundary layer, and it bifurcates to form the so-called Mark&#8217;s bubble, which can result in a massive separation of the flow and therefore can significantly deteriorate the flow quality. The porous end wall, which is used in the present facility allows for the mass flow to exit the working section and establishes a non-stagnant flow behind the reflected shock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second major characteristic of this facility is its large size, 12&#8243; in diameter and 88 ft long, which provides an unprecedented platform for high spatial resolution measurements of turbulence in ranges that have never been investigated before. Measurements of turbulence scales of the size of the Kolmogorov viscous length scale have already been obtained in this facility and the dynamics of compressible turbulence are being investigated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The facility is also equipped with a nozzle to generate flows at Mach 6 and operate in a shock-tunnel mode. Shock waves with Mach number 3 can be achieved in the regular shock tube transient facility mode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">CCNY Large-Scale Environmental Wind Tunnel Facility<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"255\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture2-1024x255.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture2-1024x255.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture2-300x75.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture2-768x191.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture2-1536x382.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture2-2048x510.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The CCNY Large-Scale Environmental Wind Tunnel is an open-ended suction type, with 1.2 m x 1.2 m cross-section and has 8.4 m long working area. It is powered by a 20hp, 460V, 3 phase frequency controlled AC motor, driving axial fan with 7 blades rotating at a maximum rpm of 1750 delivering 32000 cubic ft\/min. capacity providing a maximum speed of 15 m\/s in the working section. Varying frequency from 0 to 100 % in 5% increments can control the flow velocity. The motor and fan assembly, which is housed in a sound-absorbing diffuser allows low noise operation of the facility and low levels of acoustical noise transmitted in the working section. It is also mounted on a frame, which rests on eight springs to minimize vibration, and isolates the motor and fan assembly from the working section. Three sides, top, bottom, and one wall of the working section are of one-inch plywood while the other wall has four Plexiglas windows also of 1-inch thickness for optical access and observation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Our Research Interests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Shock\/Blast Physics and Shock\/Blast Mitigation Technologies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blast-uav-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1305\" style=\"width:437px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blast-uav-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blast-uav-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blast-uav-768x513.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blast-uav-1536x1025.png 1536w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blast-uav-2048x1367.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Flow-Surface Interactions in Compressible Turbulent Flow<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Effects of surface textures on the boundary layer flow structures (In Progress)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Role of temporal variation of sub-structures on turbulence modification<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">High-Speed Multiphase Interactions Driven By Shock\/Blast<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Shock-droplets interactions (In Progress)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Shock-plasma interactions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Shock-dust\/particle interactions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Development of Shock\/Blast Mitigation Technologies<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Programmable and scalable soft surfaces (In Progress)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Effects of droplet cloud parameters on shock\/blast mitigation (In Progress)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Droplet-surface interactions driven by shock\/blast flows<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong><strong>Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Additive Manufacturing<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"847\" height=\"304\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/3d-printing.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1312\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/3d-printing.png 847w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/3d-printing-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/3d-printing-768x276.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 847px) 100vw, 847px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Multiphase Interactions in Binder-Jetting 3D Printing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Dynamics of Binder drops impacting on a powder surface (In Progress)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Effects of binder properties on the imbibition dynamics in printing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Effects of powder density and size on the binder drop dynamics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Development of a Freezing-Based Inkjet 3D Printing Technique<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Dynamic and Thermal behaviors of colloidal drops in freezing process (In Progress)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Multi-droplet interactions in freezing-based inkjet 3D printing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Development of more efficient sublimation techniques<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Thermal-Flow Behaviors of Colloidal Drops under Microgravity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Development of a ground-based microgravity test rig for 3D printing&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Impact dynamics of colloidal drops in microgravity conditions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Freezing\/sublimation thermodynamics of colloidal drops under microgravity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Multiphase Interactions in Energy Systems and Devices<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/energy-1024x354.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1317\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/energy-1024x354.png 1024w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/energy-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/energy-768x265.png 768w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/energy-1536x531.png 1536w, https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/energy.png 1812w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Thermal Flow Diagnostics of Liquid-based Energy Storage Device<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Ultrasound-based velocimetry and thermometry techniques<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Multiphase interactions during charging-discharging cycles<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Oil-Gas Production and Processing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Interfacial dynamics in multiphase energy systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Phase-change thermodynamics in fluid energy systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Droplet formation and dynamics in multiphase energy systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Offshore Wind\/Wave Energy Systems and Devices<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022Unsteady flow dynamics of offshore wind turbines and wind farms, and wave-energy-converter (WECs) (In Progress)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022WInd\/Wave energy analysis in offshore atmospheric boundary layer conditions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Funded Research Projects Our Research Facilities CCNY Shock Tube\/Tunnel Research Facility This large-scale facility is<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20"}],"version-history":[{"count":52,"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2255,"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions\/2255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/liu-lab.ccny.cuny.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}